The amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of pure water from 4.5C to 5.5C at 1 atmospheric pressure is approximately 4.2J, and this corresponds to 1 calorie.

Temperature corresponds to the magnitude of thermal vibrations.

If an atom is vibrating, it's harder for electrons to move around!

When the temperature of some materials, such as aluminum, drops near absolute zero, the atoms reach a state of rest. At this point, electrons are able to move freely without colliding with the atoms - that is, there is no resistance at all. This phenomenon is called superconductivity.

When current flows in aluminum wire at a normal temperature, electrons violently collide with aluminum atoms, creating larger thermal vibrations and generating heat. And as the vibration of the atoms increases, the electrons can no longer move smoothly, so the electric resistance also increases.

If electrons collide with atoms causing the vibration to increase, electric resistance will also increase.

Generally, as the temperature of a metal increases, resistance also increases.

Infrared rays, which are also called heat rays, are a type of wave called an electromagnetic wave.

This phenomenon, in which the temperature of a substance increases and thermal energy is emitted as electromagnetic waves, is called thermal emission. It is the principle of light emission in light bulbs.

This phenomenon, in which the temperature of a substance increases and thermal energy is emitted as electromagnetic waves, is called thermal emission. It is the principle of light emission in light bulbs. It's more efficient because its energy loss due to heat is small. First, electrons escape from the filament. The electrons collide with mercury atoms, which emit ultraviolet rays. These UV rays strike the fluorescent material painted on the inside of the tube, which emits visible light. For the same electric power consumption, a fluorescent light emits more than four times the light of a regular light bulb.

I got it!

You can remember how Ampere's law works using your right hand. If you point my right thumb in the direction of the current, your fingers curl in the direction the magnetic field is generated.

The atoms that make up a substance are always vibrating, and this is called thermal vibration. One joule corresponds to the electric power consumption of 1Ws (watt second).  The amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of pure water from 4.5C to 5.5C at 1 atmosphere of pressure is approximately 4.2J, and this is equivalent to 1 calorie (cal).

Infrared rays, which are also called heat rays, are a type of electromagnetic wave.

A phenomenon in which thermal energy is emitted as electromagnetic waves as the temperature of a substance increases is called thermal emission.

Light emission due to thermal emission mostly ends up becoming heat, so it is inefficient to use it as light. Light emission in which the emitter does not need to be heated is called luminescence; it is the principle used in fluorescent lights. In a fluorescent light, electrons that escape from the filament collide with mercury vapor inside the fluorescent tube; the ultraviolet rays that are generated at that time excite the fluorescent substance on the inner surface of the fluorescent tube and become visible light. The light emission of a fluorescent light is very efficient - for the same electric power consumption, it emits more than four times the light that a regular light bulb emits.

An electric wire wound in loops is called a coil. If an iron core is inserted in the coil, the magnetic field is concentrated in the iron, and it becomes a strong electromagnet.

When a bar magnet moves within a coil, current flows in that coil, which creates a magnetic field in order to oppose the change in magnetism. This phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction, and the electricity that is generated during this process is called induced electromotive force. The current generated is called induced current.

Lenz's law states that the current due to electromagnetic induction flows in a direction such that the magnetic field produced by that current obstructs the motion of the magnet.

If a bar magnet is inserted into a coil, a current is induced that opposes the magnetic field. If the bar magnet is withdrawn, that change will be opposed as well, creating an induced current in the opposite direction.

If a coil is connected to a battery and current begins flowing, the magnetic field generated becomes larger, and the coil becomes an electromagnet. At this time, an induced electromotive force is generated on the coil itself due to the varying magnetic fields. This is called self-induction or simply inductance.

When the current to the coil is cut off, the magnetic field begins to disappear, and an induced electromotive force is generated in the direction that obstructs the flow of current in the coil. This is called a counter-electromotive force.

The magnitude of alternating current is always changing. If alternating current flows in a coil, an induced electromotive force is generated in the coil in the direction that obstructs the flow of the current, and current flows so that it lags behind the power supply voltage variation by one-fourth of a cycle. This is called the lagging current, and it flows in an electrical device such as a motor with a coil. This temporal lag is called a phase difference. The coil acts like a resistance to the current as described above. This is called inductive reactance, and its magnitude is proportional to the frequency of the alternating current.

The ratio of the consumed power to the input power is the power factor. A low power factor means that some current returns to the power supply without doing work.

The power supply side of a transformer is called the primary side, and the load side is called the secondary side. The ratio of the primary voltage and secondary voltage is called the transformation ratio.

The ability of the capacitor to store charge is called capacitance; its magnitude is directly proportional to the area of the metal plate and inversely proportional to the distance between the metal plates. Capacitance is measured in farads.

If a capacitor is connected to an AC power supply, the variation of the current is onefourth of a cycle ahead of the variation of the power supply voltage; this current is called leading current.

A capacitor works like resistance to alternating current. This is called capacitive reactance, and its magnitude is inversely proportional to the frequency.

If an AC circuit has a coil, the current lags, and the power factor decreases. If a capacitor is connected to that circuit, the current leads, and the power factor increases.

In an AC circuit, capacitors and coils act like resistance, and are called impedance.